Heart Attack:
Myocardial Infarction

A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, occurs when one of more regions of the heart muscle experience a severe or prolonged decrease in oxygen supply caused by a blocked blood flow to the heart muscle.

The blockage is often a result of atherosclerosis – a buildup of plaque, known as cholesterol, and other fatty substances. Plaque inhibits and obstructs the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart, thus, reducing the flow to the rest of the body.

If the blood and oxygen supply is cut off severely or for a long period of time, muscle cells of the heart suffer severe and devastating damage and die. The result is damage or death to the area of the heart that became affected by reduced blood supply.

What are the risk factors for heart attack?
There are two types of risk factors for heart attack, including:

• Persons with inherited hypertension – high blood pressure     
• Persons with inherited low levels of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or high levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) blood cholesterol     
• Persons with a family history of heart disease (especially with onset before age 55)     
• Aging men and women     
• Persons with diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes)    
• Women, after the onset of menopause – generally, men are at risk at an earlier age than women, but after the onset of menopause, women are equally at risk.

Who is most at risk for acquired risk factors?

• Persons with acquired hypertension (high blood pressure)     
• Persons with acquired low levels of HDL (high density lipoprotein) or high levels of LDL (low density lipoprotein) blood cholesterol     
• Cigarette smokers    
• People who are under a lot of stress     
• Individuals who lead a sedentary lifestyle    
• Persons overweight by 30 percent or more

A heart attack can happen to anyone. It is only when we take the time to learn which of the risk factors apply to us, specifically, can we then take steps to eliminate or reduce them.

Managing heart attack risk factors:
Managing your risks for a heart attack begins with:

• Examining which of the risk factors apply to you, and then taking steps to eliminate or reduce them.    
• Becoming aware of conditions like hypertension or abnormal cholesterol levels, which may be “silent killers.”    
• If you have risk factors that are acquired, modifying them through lifestyle changes. See your doctor as the first step in starting right away to make these changes.     
• Consulting your doctor soon to determine if you have risk factors that are genetic or inherited and cannot be changed, but can be managed medically and through lifestyle changes. 

What are the warning signs of a heart attack?
The following are the most common symptoms of a heart attack, however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

• Severe pressure, fullness, squeezing, pain and/or discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts for more than a few minutes    
• Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulders, neck, arms, or jaw    
• Chest pain that increases in intensity    
• Chest pain that is not relieved by rest of by taking cardiac prescription medication    

• Chest pain that occurs with any/all of the following (additional) symptoms of a heart attack:

  • sweating, cool, clammy skin, and/or paleness       
  • shortness of breath       
  • nausea or vomiting       
  • dizziness or fainting       
  • unexplained weakness or fatigue       
  • rapid or irregular pulse

Although chest pain is the key warning sign of a heart attack, it may be confused with indigestion, pleurisy, pneumonia, or other disorders.

Responding to heart attack warning signs:
If you, or someone you know exhibits any of the above warning signs, act immediately. Call 911, or your local emergency number. If necessary, give CPR if you are trained, or ask someone who is.

Treatment for a heart attack:
The goal of treatment for a heart attack is to relieve pain, preserve the heart muscle function, and prevent death.

Treatment may include:

• Intravenous therapy        
• Continuous monitoring  of the heart and vital signs       
• Oxygen therapy  – to improve oxygenation to the damaged heart muscle       
• Pain medication  – by decreasing pain, the workload of the heart decreases, thus, the oxygen demand of the heart decreases       
• Cardiac medication  – (i.e., to promote blood flow to the heart, prevent blood clotting, improve the blood supply, prevent arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), and decrease heart rate and blood pressure)       
• Coronary angioplasty  – with this procedure, a catheter is used to create a bigger opening in the vessel to increase blood flow. Although angioplasty is performed in other blood vessels, Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) refers to angioplasty in the coronary arteries to permit more blood flow into the heart. There are several types of PTCA procedures, including:
  
  
  • balloon angioplasty
  • atherectomy
  • laser angioplasty
  • coronary artery stent
  
  

• Coronary artery bypass  – a surgical procedure in which small portions of veins or arteries are taken from one part of the body and transplanted into the heart to bypass clogged coronary arteries in the heart. 

Cardiac Disease and Conditions

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)